Vitrectomy is a complex surgical procedure that involves the removal of the vitreous gel, a transparent, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is a minimally invasive technique used to treat a wide range of ocular conditions affecting the vitreous or the retina.
The primary goal of the surgery is to remove diseased or damaged vitreous in order to access the retina and treat issues such as:
- Retinal detachment: When the retina detaches from its underlying layer, the vitreous can contribute to significant vision loss. Vitrectomy can help reattach the retina and restore vision.
- Vitreous hemorrhage: When bleeding occurs inside the vitreous, it can obscure vision and require removal for further treatment.
- Vitreous traction: When the vitreous pulls on the retina, it can cause distortions and vision loss. Vitrectomy can relieve this tension and preserve retinal health.
- Epiretinal membranes: These are scar tissues that form on the retinal surface and may affect vision. Vitrectomy can remove these membranes to improve visual clarity.
- Macular degeneration: In some advanced cases of macular degeneration, vitrectomy may be necessary to remove damaged material and perform additional procedures such as drug injections or macular implant placement.
How is vitrectomy performed?
Vitrectomy is performed in an operating room by an ophthalmologist specializing in vitreoretinal surgery. The procedure is usually done under local anesthesia with sedation, though general anesthesia may be required in some cases.
The surgeon makes small incisions in the white part of the eye (sclera) and inserts specialized surgical instruments to access the vitreous. A device called a vitrector uses ultrasonic vibrations or suction to precisely and efficiently remove the vitreous gel.
Once the vitreous is removed, the surgeon can perform any necessary additional procedures, such as repairing a retinal detachment, removing membranes, or applying laser treatment to seal retinal tears. Finally, a saline solution or gas is injected into the vitreous cavity to maintain the shape of the eye and facilitate healing.
