The macular epiretinal membrane, also known as the epiretinal membrane or epiretinal traction, is an ocular condition that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for fine vision. It is characterized by the formation of a thin layer of fibrocellular tissue on the surface of the macular retina. This membrane can exert traction on the retina, distorting it and affecting vision.

The exact cause of the formation of this membrane is not always clear. In some cases, it may be associated with the aging of ocular tissues, while in others, it may be related to other ocular conditions such as:

  • Diabetic Retinopathy: Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the retina, increasing the risk of epiretinal membrane formation.
  • Retinoschisis: Retinoschisis is a condition where the retina splits into layers.
  • Posterior Vitreous Detachment: The vitreous is the gelatinous fluid that fills the interior of the eye. When the vitreous detaches from its normal position at the back of the eye, it can increase the risk of an epiretinal membrane.
  • Ocular Trauma: A blow or injury to the eye can damage the retina and increase the risk of epiretinal membrane formation.

Symptoms

The symptoms can vary and appear gradually. These may include:

  • Blurred Vision: Vision may become blurry in one or both eyes, especially for objects at intermediate or close distances.
  • Distorted Vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or warped, and objects may seem smaller or larger than normal.
  • Spots or Dark Blots in Vision: Dark spots or blots may be noticed in the vision, especially when looking at bright backgrounds.
  • Difficulty Reading: Difficulty focusing on letters or following lines of text may be a symptom of this condition.

Diagnosis of Macular Epiretinal Membrane

The diagnosis is made through a comprehensive eye examination conducted by an ophthalmologist. The examination may include:

  • Pupil Dilation: Dilation drops are used to widen the pupil and allow for better visualization of the retina.
  • Blue Light Examination: Blue light can make the epiretinal membrane more visible.
  • Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): OCT is a non-invasive imaging test that provides detailed images of the retina and macula, allowing the ophthalmologist to detect the presence and extent of the membrane.