Dry Eye, also known as dry eye syndrome or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a chronic condition that affects the surface of the eye and can cause a range of significant discomforts. It is characterized by instability of the tear film, the thin layer of tears that covers and protects the ocular surface, which can lead to damage to the cornea and conjunctiva.

Symptoms:

  • Discomfort: Sensation of grit, burning, stinging, itching, persistent dryness, etc.
  • Visual problems: Eye fatigue, blurred vision, light sensitivity.
  • In severe cases: Redness, corneal damage, corneal ulcers.

Causes:

Dry eye syndrome can have various causes, with the most common being:

  • Excessive tear evaporation: Environmental factors such as wind, pollution, or prolonged screen use can accelerate evaporation.
  • Deficiency in tear production: Autoimmune diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome, hormonal changes (menopause), certain medications, or factors like advanced age can reduce tear production.
  • Tear composition problems: Alterations in the composition of lipids or mucins that are part of the tear film can affect its quality and effectiveness.

Treatment:

The treatment for dry eye is tailored to each individual case, taking into account the cause and severity of the symptoms. The primary goal is to achieve proper lubrication and protection of the ocular surface. Some therapeutic options include:

  • Artificial tears: These are the most common treatment and come in the form of drops, gel, or ointment. They provide hydration and relieve symptoms.
  • Anti-inflammatory medications: In cases with ocular inflammation, eye drops or oral medications may be prescribed.
  • Autologous serum: In severe cases, autologous serum, obtained from the patient’s own blood, may be used to nourish and regenerate the ocular surface.
  • Punctal plugs: In specific situations, punctal plugs may be used to prevent excessive tear evaporation.

Prevention:

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent dry eye, there are measures that can help reduce the risk of its development or alleviate symptoms:

  • Blink frequently: Blinking helps to evenly distribute the tear film across the ocular surface.
  • Avoid dry environments: Reduce exposure to dry air, wind, heating, or air conditioning.
  • Protect eyes from the sun: Use sunglasses that block UV rays.
  • Drink plenty of water: Staying hydrated helps tear production.
  • Avoid excessive tobacco and alcohol consumption: These substances can irritate the eyes and worsen symptoms.
  • Regular eye exams: Schedule periodic eye check-ups with an ophthalmologist to detect and treat dry eye early.